General

Scientific Names: Piper longum L.

Common Names: Bi Ba, Bi Pu.

 

BOTANICAL:

来 源： 为胡椒科植物 荜茇 Piper longum L. 的干燥近成熟或成熟果穗 。

生药材鉴定： 果穗圆柱状，稍弯曲，长2～4．5厘米。直径5～8毫米。总果柄多已脱落。表面黑褐色，由多数细小的瘦果聚集而成，排列紧密整齐，形成交错的小突起。小瘦果略呈圆球形，被苞片，直径约1毫米。质坚硬，断面微红，胚乳白色。有特异香气；味辛辣。以肥大、质坚实、味浓者为佳。显微鉴定: 粉末：灰黄色。①石细胞淡黄色、淡黄绿色或无色，类圆形、类方形，类长多角形、长条形或纤维状，有的一侧稍突起或一端延长，直径18～65μm，长约至225μm，壁厚2～7（～20）μm，层纹较明显，纹孔及孔沟较稀疏，壁甚厚者孔沟较密，胞腔内含灰棕色物。②纤维常与石细胞连结，有的形状相似，但较狭长，直径14～25μm，长约至526μm，壁厚约6μm，纹孔及孔沟较稀疏。③果皮表皮细胞表面观类多角形，垂周壁微弯曲，内含灰棕色物。气孔类圆形或扁圆形，直径约30μm。单细胞腺毛偶见，直径6～ 12μm。④内果皮细胞表面观长多角形，重周壁具不规则疣状增厚，有的似连珠状。⑤分泌细胞存在于淡棕色皱缩的中果皮组织中，壁稍厚，内含黄色分泌物。⑥外胚乳细胞充满由细小淀粉粒集结成的淀粉团。此外，可见种皮碎片。本品以条肥大、饱满、质坚、气味浓者为佳。

产地: 原产印度尼西亚的苏门答腊以及菲律宾、越南，国内云南、海南岛有 栽培。

 

 

Pharmacology

化学成分: 果实含胡椒碱（Piperine）、棕榈酸（Palmitic acid）、四氢胡椒酸（Tetrahydropi- peric acid）。1一十一碳烯基一3，4-甲撑二氧苯（1-Undecylenyl-3,4一 methylenedioxybenze-ne）、派啶（Piperidine）、挥发油（不含N、也不含酚性、醛性及酮性物质）。荜茇还含N一异丁基癸二烯（反一2，反一4酰胺（N一Isobutyl-deca一 trans-2-trans-4-dienamide、芝麻素（Sesamin）。果实含胡椒碱（piperine）、N-异丁基- 反-2-反-4二烯癸酰胺（N-isobutyldeca-trans-2-trans-4-dienamide）、哌啶（piperidine）、荜茇宁酰胺（peperlomguminine）、荜茇亭碱（piperlongumine）；另含棕榈酸、四氢胡胡椒酸（tetrahydropiperic acid）、1-十一碳烯基-3，4-亚甲二氧基苯（l- undecylenyl-3,4-methylenedioxy benzene）；还含挥发油约0.25%，以及脂肪油。种子尚含芝麻脂素（sesamin）。

 

 

 

Efficacy

IN VITRO:

  1. Hu Z, et al., Herb-drug interactions: a literature review. Drugs. 2005; 65(9):1239-82.
  2. Zi X, et al., Flavokawain A, a novel chalcone from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of Bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 15;65(8):3479-86.
  3. Selvendiran K, et al., Oral supplementation of piperine leads to altered phase II enzymes and reduced DNA damage and DNA-protein cross links in Benzo(a)pyrene induced experimental lung carcinogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Jan; 268(1-2):141-7.
  4. Gaston-Johansson F, et al., Psychological distress, fatigue, burden of care, and quality of life in primary caregivers of patients with breast cancer undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2004 Nov 16; 31(6):1161-9.
  5. El-Banna MM, et al., Fatigue and depression in patients with lymphoma undergoing autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2004 Sep 17; 31(5):937-44. Print 2004 Sep.
  6. Wu MT, et al., Constituents of areca chewing related to esophageal cancer risk in Taiwanese men. Dis Esophagus. 2004; 17(3):257-9.
  7. Tang DW, et al., Hydroxychavicol modulates benzo[a]pyrene-induced genotoxicity through induction of dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Toxicol Lett. 2004 Sep 25; 152(3):235-43.
  8. Block KI, et al., Safety and efficacy of herbal sedatives in cancer care. Integr Cancer Ther. 2004 Jun; 3(2):128-48. Review.
  9. Sunila ES, et al., Immunomodulatory and antitumor activity of Piper longum Linn. and piperine. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Feb; 90(2-3):339-46.
  10. Lin MH, et a., The tumor promoting effect of lime- piper betel quid in JB6 cells. Food Chem Toxicol. 2003 Nov; 41(11):1463-71.
  11. Hashimoto T, et al., Isolation and synthesis of TNF-alpha release inhibitors from Fijian kawa ( Piper methysticum). Phytomedicine. 2003 May; 10(4):309-17.
  12. Pai CY, et al., Allelic alterations at the STR markers in the buccal tissue cells of oral cancer patients and the oral epithelial cells of healthy betel quid-chewers: an evaluation of forensic applicability. Forensic Sci Int. 2002 Oct 9; 129(3):158-67.
  13. Steiner GG, et al., The correlation between cancer incidence and kava consumption. Hawaii Med J. 2000 Nov; 59(11):420-2.
  14. Neuhaus W, et al., [Treatment of perioperative anxiety in suspected breast carcinoma with a phytogenic tranquilizer]. Zentralbl Gynakol. 2000; 122(11):561-5. German.
  15. Fujiki H, et al., Two stages of cancer prevention with green tea. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1999 Nov; 125(11):589-97.
  16. Moyad MA, et al., Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture, and other alternative medicines for prostate cancer : an introduction and the need for more research. Semin Urol Oncol. 1999 May; 17(2):103-10. Review.


IN VIVO:

  1. Selvendiran K, et al., In vivo effect of piperine on serum and tissue glycoprotein levels in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Jun 20.
  2. Selvendiran K, et al., Chemopreventive effect of piperine on mitochondrial TCA cycle and phase-I and glutathione-metabolizing enzymes in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Mol Cell Biochem. 2005 Mar; 271(1-2):101-6.
  3. Pradeep CR, et al., Effect of piperine on the inhibition of lung metastasis induced B16F-10 melanoma cells in mice. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2002; 19(8):703-8.
  4. Zi X, et al., Flavokawain A, a novel chalcone from kava extract, induces apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by involvement of Bax protein-dependent and mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res. 2005 Apr 15;65(8):3479-86.

 

 

Safety

用药忌宜: 实热郁火、阴虚火旺者均忌服。①《本草衍义》:“多服走泄真气，令人肠虚下重。” ②《纲目》:“辛热耗散，能动脾肺之火，多用令人目昏，食料尤不宜之。”

　
   
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