General

Scientific Names: Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing.

Common Names: Xiang Gu, Xiang Xun, Dong Gu.

BOTANICAL:

香菇,又称香菰、香蕈、冬菇,为侧耳科植物香蕈的子实体,有“植物皇后”、“素中之肉”、“美味山珍”等诸多爱称,是药膳中重要而颇受称赞的成员。香菇性味甘、平,归肝、胃经。可益气滋阴、养胃润肺、治风化痰。可治疗气血亏虚、食欲不振、脘腹胀满等症。《本草求真》称“香菇,食中佳品……能益胃助食”。《本草纲目》称“蘑菇可以益胃肠,化痰理气”。

香菇 属子菌网、伞菌目、侧耳科、香菇属。一朵香菇可发育十亿个孢子。由菌丝体和子实体组成。菌丝体是香菇的营食器官,由菌丝组成,菌丝不断成长发育分化形成子实体(即香菇)。子实体是香菇的繁殖器官,菌伞、菌柄、菌褶形成。菌伞为孢子产生场所(即菌褶)的保謢器官。菌柄是支撑菌伞和菌褶及输送养料水分器官,菌褶是孕育孢子的场所。

药材基原: 为侧耳科植物香蕈的子实体。

资源分布: 浙江、福建、江西、安徽、广西、广东等地均有。

 

Pharmacology

化学成分: 干香蕈食部占72%,食部每100g中含水分13g,脂肪1.8g,碳水化物54g,粗纤维7.8g,灰分4.9g,钙124mg,磷415mg,铁25.3mg,维生素B10.07mg,B21.13mg,尼克酸18.9mg。新鲜香蕈除含水分85-9O%外,固形物中含粗蛋白质19%,粗脂肪4%,可溶性无氮物质67%,粗纤维7%,灰分3%。蛋白质中含白蛋白、谷蛋白(Glutelin)、醇溶蛋白(Prolamin),三者之比为100∶63∶2。干香蕈 尚含一种蛋白质,含量约2.35%,其中谷氨酸含量为17.5% 。干香蕈的水浸物中含组氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、天门冬氨酸、天门冬素(Asparagine)、 乙酰胺(Acetamide)、胆碱(Choline)、腺嘌吟(Adenine)及痕迹量的三甲胺(Trimethylamine)。脂肪的碘价为139,可见所含脂肪酸的不饱和度甚高。用乙醚抽提所得的油脂部分,不皂化物占30%,混合脂肪酸占60%;后者的饱和脂肪酸中:棕榈酸占80%,蜡酸(Ceroticacid)占10%;不饱和脂肪酸中:亚油酸占80%以上,油酸占10%;不皂化物中,除麦角甾醇(Ergosterol)外,尚有菌甾醇(Fungisterol)等。又含一种有强臭的蜡,熔点38℃,分子中含-CHO,-SH,-SS-基。香蕈中的麦角甾醇,无论用日光或紫外线照晒,皆可转变为维生素D2,故香蕈为抗佝偻病食物之一。香蕈含维生素 C甚少(东北产者含0.27μg),又缺乏维生素A及A原。香蕈所含碳水化物以半纤维素(Hemicellulose)为最多, 此外尚有甘露醇(Mannitol)、海藻糖(Trehalose或Mycose)、葡萄糖、糖原、戊聚糖、甲基戊聚糖等。香蕈的呈味物质,是一群水溶性物质,其中腺嘌吟(Adenine)是主要者之一;其香气,新鲜者以松茸醇(Matsutakeol)为主(占90%),此外尚含正戊基乙基酮(n-Amyl ethyl ketone)4-6%;干燥香蕈,香气则以酮为主。浙皖制造干香蕈,系在炭火上烤干,烤干后,才具有香菇的特有佳香,与新鲜者大不相同。新鲜香蕈含分解核酸的酶,水解核酸产生嘌呤等成分。香蕈所含降低血脂的物质有香蕈太生(Lentysine, Eritadenine)和2R-羟基-4-(9-腺嘌呤基)丁酸〔2R-Hydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)butyric acid)。

现代研究香菇含有纤维素、钙、磷、铁、B族维生素、硒及多种氨基酸,其中人体必须的18种氨基酸香菇中就含有7种。实验研究和临床报告认为香菇降胆固醇,预防动脉硬化,维护血管功能。有人统计多种香菇可杀死有害细菌,有些还含有多种酶及诱导干扰素的产生,对乙肝患者的恢复及预防感冒有益。香菇中提取的香菇多糖以及香菇的发酵液可提高小鼠的T淋巴细胞功能,促进白细胞介素Ⅱ、肿瘤坏死因子的生成,提高动物体内超氧化物歧化酶活性,这些作用对抗肿瘤、保肝降脂及延缓衰老是有益的。

  1. Chang R. Functional properties of edible mushrooms. Nutr Rev. 1996 Nov; 54(11 Pt 2):S91-3. Review.
  2. Sugano N, et al., Anticarcinogenic action of an alcohol-insoluble fraction (LAP1) from culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia. Cancer Lett. 1985 May; 27(1):1-6.
  3. Fujii T, et al., Isolation and characterization of a new antitumor polysaccharide, KS-2, extracted from culture mycelia of Lentinus edodes. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1978 Nov; 31(11):1079-90.
  4. Sasaki T, et al., Antitumor activity of degraded products of lentinan: its correlation with molecular weight.
    Gann. 1976 Apr; 67(2):191-5.
  5. Sasaki T, et al., Further study of the structure of lentinan, an anti-tumor polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes. Carbohydr Res. 1976 Mar; 47(1):99-104.
  6. Chihara G, et al., Fractionation and purification of the polysaccharides with marked antitumor activity, especially lentinan, from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (an edible mushroom). Cancer Res. 1970 Nov; 30(11):2776-81.
  7. Chihara G. [Study on the antineoplastic activity and analysis of active fractions of Polyporaceae, Lentinus edodes and other basidiomycetes]. Nippon Rinsho. 1969 Jun; 27(6):1739-43. Japanese.


Efficacy

1 . 对机体免疫功能的影响: 香菇多糖对小鼠肉瘤有很强抑制作用,抑制率达98 % ,但对初生2天就切除胸腺的小鼠,抑瘤作用下降到 6.4 %;在给予香菇多糖的同时给予抗淋巴细胞血清,其抗肿瘤作用亦明显下降。经香菇多糖腹腔注射治疗瘤189小鼠,瘤体周围有巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞和浆细胞浸润,对照组则无此种浸润。又发现给正常小鼠以香菇多糖7天,取小鼠腹腔细胞和肉瘤 180 细胞以8:1混合后移植到其它纯系小鼠皮下,另单用肉瘤 180 细胞移植作对照,5周后香菇多糖组对肿瘤重量的抑制率达59.7%。对小鼠自然发生乳癌的自家移植片与肉瘤180共同移植,发现37只小鼠中有 23 只的自发性乳癌被香菇多糖等所消灭。以上说明香菇多糖能增强细胞免疫(亦可增强体液免疫),从而对肿瘤细胞起到抑制作用。

香菇多糖对荷瘤小鼠能显著增强来自胸腺性体液反应,可以恢复小鼠抵抗半抗原-载体抗原的能力。能增强 CBA/J 小鼠抗羊红细胞抗体产生的作用,但只有在胸腺存在下,才能使 rG 2 a 增加 34.8 倍, rG 2 b 增加 94.7 倍, rG 1 增加 7.6 倍,是趋 T 细胞佐剂中最强物质之一,起作用的环节是免疫连锁反应中的记忆阶段。若用枯草杆菌α淀粉脢( B α A )及某种半抗原物质与载体 DNP 结合的抗原分别免疫小鼠后,把它们的脾细胞同时传递给另一小鼠,再测其抗 B α A及抗 DNP 抗体产生水平,亦观察到香菇多糖可能是提高了辅助活性细胞的活力而增强了机体体液免疫反应功能。

香菇多糖对正常机体免疫功能无明显影响,但在机体荷瘤状况下免疫功能受到抑制时,免疫增强作用就明显显示出来,这与对气虚患者呈现补气作用颇为相似。其提高免疫功能可能是益气的药理学基础之一。

在体外,香菇多糖对补体 C 3 成分中的溶血活性有阻碍作用,这是因为把 C 3 分解成过敏素 C 3 a 的结果。用给予了香菇多糖后的豚鼠血清注射到皮下, 30 分钟后产生强烈的皮肤反应。

2. 抗肿瘤作用: 用香菇多糖治小鼠肉瘤 180 ,结果 10 只小鼠中 6 只肿瘤消退;对小鼠子宫颈癌 14 、肝癌腹水型→肝癌实体型有抑制作用。香菇多糖同丝裂霉素、环磷洗胺、阿糖胞甘、 5- 氟尿嘧啶合用能增强抗肿瘤作用。香菇多糖的抗肿瘤作用是在肿瘤移植后的早期在体内开始的,主要是通过局部细胞性反应而实现。 (source)

香菇中含有1.3-B葡萄糖苷酶等多糖抗癌物质,它能提高人体免疫系统的功能,是目前所知的最强的辅助性T淋巴细胞的刺激剂,它能刺激抗体形成,活化巨噬细胞,从而可抑制癌细胞的生长。香菇多糖对小鼠肉瘤的抑制率达98%。临床资料也证实,香菇配合手术、化疗、放疗能提高疗效,延长病人的生存期。香菇不仅能抗癌,还能有效地降低血中胆固醇的浓度,据试验,给420名女学生和40名老人每天吃鲜香菇90g或干香菇9g,连吃7d,结果女学生的血胆固醇值平均下降了6%-12%,老人平均下降9%,这是相当理想的降脂效果。香菇的降血压作用也颇令人满意,轻度高血压病人每天吃干香菇3-4个就能控制血压在正常范围。香菇的降血脂、降血压作用与它所含的一种核苷酸物质有关。香菇中含有一种能诱发人体干扰素的物质,它能够抑制病毒生长和繁殖。动物实验证实,给小白鼠感染病毒,一般7天左右就全部死亡。如果事前喂以香菇浸出液,则可使70%的小白鼠活下来,说明香菇的抗病毒作用是相当强大的。现已从香菇中提取出这种干扰素的诱发物质,对治疗病毒性疾患和肿瘤有着十分重要的价值。

科学家用小鼠所作的实验显示,香菇多糖对小鼠的肉瘤有很强的抑制作用,抑制率高达98%。但对出生两天即切除其胸腺的小鼠,香菇多糖的抑瘤作用即下降到6.4%。这显示香菇多糖的抑瘤作用,是和增强胸腺的免疫机能有关。也就是说,香菇多糖既能增强细胞免疫,也能增强体液免疫。用37只自发乳癌的小鼠作实验,给予它们香菇多糖,4周后有23只小鼠的乳癌逐渐消失。

研究人员发现香菇中富含的蘑菇多糖能有效的对抗胃癌。 医学人员认为,每天吃90克的新鲜香菇,长期下去就能有效的抗癌,尤其是对胃癌和血癌。 由于香菇抗癌作用显著,又能降低血脂,调节血压,防治心血管疾患和病毒感染性疾病,它所含的营养成分丰富而均衡,有利于人体健康,是一种不可多得的抗癌保健佳品。 (Source)

IN VITRO:

  1. Ebina T. [Activation of antitumor immunity by intratumor injection of biological preparations]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2003 Oct; 30(11):1555-8. Japanese.
  2. Ngai Ph, et al., Lentin, a novel and potent antifungal protein from shitake mushroom with inhibitory effects on activity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 reverse transcriptase and proliferation of leukemia cells. Life Sci. 2003 Nov 14; 73(26):3363-74.
  3. Liu C, et al., [Immunological study on the antitumor effects of fungus polysaccharides compounds]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2000 May 30; 29(3):178-80. Chinese.
  4. Ning J, et al., Synthesis of beta-(1-->6)-branched beta-(1-->3) glucohexaose and its analogues containing an alpha-(1-->3) linked bond with antitumor activity. Bioorg Med Chem. 2003 May 15; 11(10):2193-203.
  5. Ng ML, et al., Inhibition of human colon carcinoma development by lentinan from shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes). J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Oct; 8(5):581-9.
  6. deVere White RW, et al., Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 2002 Oct; 60(4):640-4.
  7. Suzuki K, et al., Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis induced by Shiitake mushroom spores associated with lung cancer. Intern Med. 2001 Nov; 40(11):1132-5.
  8. Ebina T. [Intratumoral administration of biological preparations--recommendation for integrative medicine]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2001 Oct; 28(11):1515-8. Japanese.
  9. Ooi VE, et al., Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide-protein complexes. Curr Med Chem. 2000 Jul; 7(7):715-29. Review.
  10. Borchers AT, et al., Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1999 Sep; 221(4):281-93. Review.
  11. Kim HS, et al., In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis. 1999 Aug; 20(8):1637-40.
  12. Tamura R, et al., Effects of lentinan on abnormal ingestive behaviors induced by tumor necrosis factor.
    Physiol Behav. 1997 Mar; 61(3):399-410.
  13. Sorimachi K, et al., Morphological changes of tumor cells caused by macrophages treated with lignin derivatives. Agric Biol Chem. 1990 Jun; 54(6):1611-3.
  14. Taguchi T. [Effects of lentinan in advanced or recurrent cases of gastric, colorectal, and breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1983 Feb; 10(2 Pt 2):387-93. Japanese.
  15. Sugano N, et al., Anticarcinogenic actions of water-soluble and alcohol-insoluble fractions from culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia. Cancer Lett. 1982 Nov-Dec; 17(2):109-14.
  16. Bruley-Rosset M, et al., In vivo and in vitro macrophage activation by systemic adjuvants. Agents Actions. 1976 Feb; 6(1-3):251-5.

IN VIVO:

  1. Kurashige S, et al., Effects of Lentinus edodes, Grifola frondosa and Pleurotus ostreatus administration on cancer outbreak, and activities of macrophages and lymphocytes in mice treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N-butanolnitrosoamine. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1997 May; 19(2):175-83.
  2. Morinaga H, et al., An in vivo study of hepatic and splenic interleukin-1 beta mRNA expression following oral PSK or LEM administration. Jpn J Cancer Res. 1994 Dec; 85(12):1298-303.
  3. Nanba H, et al., Antitumor action of shiitake (Lentinus edodes) fruit bodies orally administered to mice. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 1987 Jun; 35(6):2453-8.
  4. Chen ZY, et al., [Effect of six edible plants on the development of AFB1-induced gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase-positive hepatocyte foci in rats]. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi. 1987 Mar; 9(2):109-11. Chinese.
  5. Moriya N, et al., Antitumor effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone and in combination with lentinan on MH-134 tumors in C3H/He mice. Acta Med Okayama. 1984 Feb; 38(1):49-55.
  6. Kosaka A, et al., [Effect of lentinan administration of adrenalectomized rats and patients with breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1982 Aug; 9(8):1474-81. Japanese.
  7. Hattori T, et al., Inhibitory effects of immunopotentiators on the enhancement of lung metastases induced by operative stress in rats. Gann. 1982 Feb; 73(1):132-5.
  8. Hattori T, et al., Survival time of tumor-bearing rats as related to operative stress and immunopotentiators. Jpn J Surg. 1982; 12(2):143-7.
  9. Takehara M, et al., Antitumor effect of virus-like particles from Lentinus edodes (Shiitake) on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice. Arch Virol. 1981; 68(3-4):297-301.
  10. Bruley-Rosset M, et al., In vivo and in vitro macrophage activation by systemic adjuvants. Agents Actions. 1976 Feb; 6(1-3):251-5.
  11. Chihara G, et al., Inhibition of mouse sarcoma 180 by polysaccharides from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) sing. Nature. 1969 May 17; 222(194):687-8.

 

CLINICAL:

  1. Gordon M, et al., A placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator, lentinan, in HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial. J Med. 1998; 29(5-6):305-30.
  2. Aoki T, et al., Low natural killer syndrome: clinical and immunologic features. Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul. 1987; 6(3):116-28.
  3. Kosaka A, et al., [Effect of lentinan administration of adrenalectomized rats and patients with breast cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1982 Aug; 9(8):1474-81. Japanese.


Safety

用药忌宜: 《随息居饮食谱》:痧痘后、产后、病后忌之。 香菇每次摄入量不可过多,腹胀胸闷者不宜多食。香菇含钾较多,故服洋地黄期间及高钾血症者应忌。

 

 

   
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